Cover pic © belvedere04, inaturalist.org

Bornyl acetate is a monoterpene compound that appears as a colorless liquid or white crystals. It releases a refreshing blend of scents that evoke vanilla and pine, accompanied by a sugary fragrance. Recognized by the FDA (JECFA.1864) and classified as GRAS (FEMA.4080), this flavoring is employed in the formulation of herbal and woody fragrances.

L-Bornyl acetate sample, photo by Foreverest^®

In the assessment of natural bornyl’s quality, bornyl acetate has emerged as an important target¹. In the past, testing institutions only focused on d-Bornyl, Camphor, and isobornyl as the markers for identifying bornyl content. Since synthetic bornyl contains large amounts of isobornyl, which has certain toxic side effects, and may convert into camphor during storage, further increasing toxicity, natural bornyl extracted from the leaves of the bornyl camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) holds unmatched application value. Natural bornyl acetate is also a key component of the volatile oil in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Villous Amomum Fruit. In Amomum villosum Lour., the content of bornyl acetate can be as high as 59.60%. It has effects such as maintaining pregnancy, pain relief, anti-inflammation, and inhibiting intestinal smooth muscle spasms, with particularly notable effects on maintaining pregnancy, anti-inflammation, and pain relief².

In traditional Asian medicine, the volatile oil of dried Amomum villosum is rich in (±) bornyl acetate, which is believed to have the effects of relieving pain and stabilizing pregnancy.

Globally, bornyl acetate is widely found in Ledum palustre from Changbai Mountain, Canadian hemlock (T.canadensis), natural Abiessibirica essential oil (Siberian fir), cinnamon twig essential oil (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), and wild chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum L.). Bornyl acetate is usually soluble in ethanol and other organic solvents and slightly soluble in water. It is relatively stable under normal conditions but can hydrolyze into bornyl and acetic acid under acidic or alkaline conditions. Due to its high safety, it is used as an important chemical raw material and organic synthesis intermediate, and is widely applied in the daily chemical, food, and cosmetic industries.

Optical

Bornyl acetate exists in three optical isomers: L-Bornyl acetate, d-Bornyl acetate, and dL-Bornyl acetate. In nature, it generally occurs in the L-form optical isomer. Typically, when bornyl acetate is mentioned, if its optical properties are further specified, it is generally assumed to refer to L-Bornyl acetate.

Bornyl ©I nternationalInstitute of Meridian Essence

L-Bornyl acetate naturally occurs in the needle oils of pine and fir trees, such as Canadian hemlock and white fir, and is also found in coriander, thyme, and valerian essential oils. D-Bornyl acetate is mostly found in the needle oils of pines, such as white cypress and black pine, and is also present in lavender essential oil. The preparation of natural bornyl acetate involves direct isolation from pine oil: L-Bornyl acetate can be isolated from the needle oils of pines and firs, while d-bornyl acetate can be isolated from the needle oils of cypress trees.

L-Bornyl acetate is characterized by a bornyl group (a bicyclic terpene structure) esterified with an acetate group. L-Bornyl acetate and bornyl acetate may be very similar in terms of scent and application. L-Bornyl acetate has a pleasant fragrance reminiscent of pine and citrus, making it popular in perfumes, cosmetics, and other fragrance products, where it imparts a fresh, woody, and slightly sweet aroma.

The preparation of bornyl acetate is typically achieved by using Camphene under the action of a catalyst or by reacting bornyl with acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst. It is usually an intermediate product in the synthesis of camphor.

More Application

In addition to its traditional use in flavoring for food and daily chemical products, bornyl acetate has now been developed for applications in other markets.

Feed (Flavoring) Additive

Bornyl acetate has been approved by the European Union’s EFSA for use in feed for non-food animals³ , as well as for pigs, cattle, and poultry. The maximum dosage is 0.5 mg/kg. Bornyl acetate is typically added to feed in the form of a premix. According to EU authorization (32024R1989), the recommended maximum content of L-Bornyl acetate in complete feed with 12% moisture content is 5 mg per kilogram.

Pest Control

Both d-Bornyl acetate and L-Bornyl acetate have demonstrated pheromone activity against the American cockroach⁴, with the D-form exhibiting stronger sex pheromone activity than the levorotatory form, at doses of 0.05 mg and 0.5 mg, respectively. The results indicate that bornyl acetate can be used as an active substance for cockroach control. Other studies have shown that bornyl acetate can also be used for controlling the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)⁵, the booklice (Liposcelis bostrychophila), and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)⁶.

Plant Protection and Fungicides

Research has shown that hyssop oil, which contains L-Bornyl acetate, isopinocampheol, and pinocamphone, has inhibitory effects on the plant pathogenic fungi Pyrenophora avenae and Pyricularia oryzae, which cause powdery mildew in barley and apple, respectively⁷.

Medicine and Health Care

L-Bornyl acetate, an important component of traditional herbal medicine, has long been recognized for its significant anti-inflammatory effects⁸. It is typically used in the form of plant essential oils, where the synergistic effects of different monomers produce results. Further research has shown that bornyl acetate exhibits high activity against superoxide dismutase (SOD)⁹, providing whitening and antioxidant effects when applied in cosmetics.

Additionally, the pleasant aroma of bornyl acetate has therapeutic effects, calming the mind and soothing emotions¹⁰. Related studies¹¹ indicate that L-Bornyl acetate can soothe emotions similarly to 1,8-Cineole, but unlike 1,8-Cineole, it does not cause hypersensitivity reactions.

Summary

L-Bornyl acetate is a well-established fragrance ingredient, whose pleasant aroma can be used not only in flavoring food and daily chemical products but also in feed flavoring and aromatic therapy applications. The L-Bornyl acetate supplied by our company is prepared from high-quality raw materials, differentiating it from conventional market products, and can meet the unique research and development needs of our customers.

Reference

1. CHEN Jiali al., Simultaneous Determination of the Contents of d-Borneol, Camphor and Bornyl Acetate in the Leaves of Cinnamomum camphora chvar. Borneol by GC, FLAVOUR FRAGRANCE COSMETICS, 2020
2. LI Xiaohua al., Research Progress on Pharmacological of Bornyl Acetate from Sharen, Guiding Journal of TCM, 2021
3. EFSA, Safety and efficacy of secondary alicyclic saturated and unsaturated alcohols, ketones, ketals and esters with ketals containing alicyclic alcohols or ketones and esters containing secondary alicyclic alcohols from chemical group 8 when used as flavourings for all animal species, EFSA Journal, 2016
4. Shunichi Manabe al., Sex pheromonal activity of (+)-bornyl acetate and related compounds to the American cockroach, 1983
5. Hyun-Jin Song al., Insecticidal Activity against Myzus persicae of Terpinyl Acetate and Bornyl Acetate in Thuja occidentalis Essential Oil, Biocontrol Potential of Essential Oils in Organic Horticulture Systems, 2022
6. Yixi Feng al., Efficacy of bornyl acetate and camphene from Valeriana officinalis essential oil against two storage insects, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
7. M. P. Letessier al., Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), Journal of Phytopathology, 2013
8. Zhe-jun Zhao al., Bornyl acetate: A promising agent in phytomedicine for inflammation and immune modulation, Phytomedicine, 2023
9. Seon-Hong Kim al., Whitening and antioxidant activities of bornyl acetate and nezukol fractionated from Cryptomeria japonica essential oil, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2013
10. Eri Matsubara, (-)-Bornyl acetate induces autonomic relaxation and reduces arousal level after visual display terminal work without any influences of task performance in low-dose condition, Biomedical Research, 2011
11. Seiko Goto, The Effects of Subtle Scent of 1,8-Cineole and (-)-Bornyl acetate on Mood, Cognition, And Behavior In The Elderly, 2024