The Biobased adjuvant
PINEYE™ EC EMULSION
Discuss Fertilizers Using Efficiency
& PINEYE™ EC emulsion User Guide.
Pesticide residues and the efficient use of fertilisers are key topics of discussion for farmers. A higher rate of pesticide and fertiliser usage not only wastes money, but customers also increasingly prefer to choose organic food.
Release control can reduce the rate of diffusion. Using PINEYE™ EC emulsion one hour before rain begins allows the product to form an elastic film that slows down rain penetration through cuticles. This application prevents farmers from having to re-spray pesticides twice after a rainy day.
PESTICIDE RESIDUE
Even though customers today increasingly prefer organic food, pesticide residues remain a significant issue in many regions. In China, the safety compliance rate for vegetables was reported to be 97.4% (CMOA, 2011). Historical statistics indicate that farmers typically sprayed pesticides once every 10 days in April, increasing this frequency to every 5 or 7 days during the summer, before slowing down to every 15 days in October (Dong Qinli, 2009). Leafy vegetables often retain the highest levels of pesticide residue due to their large surface area, which comes into direct contact with pesticides.
A study revealed that 45% of farmers take the safety interval into consideration, while 38% may partially consider it, and 17% do not consider it at all (Tong Xia, 2014). Over 55% of farmers believe that higher toxicity equates to better efficacy.
Re-spraying pesticides is one of the main contributors to the pesticide residue issue. For example, on rainy days, rain can wash away pesticides from the foliage surface. If farmers spray before it rains, they will need to reapply the pesticides once the sun comes out.
In performance tests, the deposit rate of PINEYE™ EC emulsion was measured at 6.6623 mg/cm². When pesticides are mixed with PINEYE™ EC emulsion, the pine resin polymer increases the spread of the pesticide across the surface. After spraying, the polymer emulsion dries within an hour, forming an elastic film. This film encapsulates the liquid in microcapsules, preventing water from washing away the pesticide or other additives directly.
The key ingredient of PINEYE™ EC emulsion is a biobased polymer, which is environmentally friendly and safe for crops, flowers, and fruits. Compared to other adjuvants, it demonstrates a contact angle of 44.50 degrees in testing, which is superior to an organic-based competing product showing a contact angle of 55.48 degrees. A lower contact angle indicates better wetting properties when using PINEYE™ EC emulsion as a dispersant agent.
DISCUSSION – SOIL ACIDIFICATION
The soil is an ecosystem whose pH can be affected by the use of fertilisers. Over-application and low fertiliser efficiency may disrupt a healthy soil ecosystem. One significant issue is soil acidification. For instance, regarding nitrogen fertiliser (N), its efficiency is only 28.3% for rice, 28.2% for wheat, and 26.1% for maize. The application rate of nitrogen fertiliser ranges from 46 to 276 kg/ha for rice, 60 to 383 kg/ha for wheat, and 37 to 360 kg/ha for maize. More than 70% of the applied nitrogen fertiliser is absorbed by the soil rather than being utilised effectively. (Program 948, CMOA)
According to a study by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), the pH of Chinese farmland soils has shown a trend towards acidification, decreasing by 1.0 to 1.5 units over a 24-year period based on samples collected between 1980 and 2004. (Meng Hongqi, 2012) Nitrogen fertiliser deposition can lead to soil acidification and leach exchangeable base cations, which may render fields barren over time.
Table 1. Number of samples, fertilizer application rates for crops in China
| Crop | Number of Sample | Fertilizer Rate, kg/ha | ||
| N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
| Rice | 396 | 46 to 276 | 25 to 235 | 19 to 155 |
| Wheat | 588 | 60 to 383 | 26 to 192 | 15 to 350 |
| Maize | 349 | 37 to 360 | 45 to 180 | 30 to 225 |
Table 2. Nitrogen fertiller recovery efficiency by crops from on-farm measurements. (Cassman et al., 2002)
| Crop | Number of Farms | Average N rate kg/ha |
N recovery % |
Region |
| Rice | 179 | 117 | 31 | Asia – farmer practice |
| 179 | 112 | 40 | Asia- field specific management | |
| Wheat | 23 | 145 | 18 | India – unfavorable weather |
| 21 | 123 | 49 | India – favorable weather | |
| Maize | 56 | 103 | 37 | North Central U.S. |
HOW TO USE
In many cases, it is easy to dilute PINEYE™ EC emulsion with water and then mix it into pesticide formulations. We recommend selecting bio-pesticides, as these are naturally derived from organic monomers, particularly those with active ingredients extracted from terpene-based compounds. The standard blending ratio with water is 1:100; however, the application may vary depending on the specific ratio used.
The computing table for PINEYE® Emulsion
| Function | Blending Ratio mg/ha |
Application |
| Adhesion Release Control | 300 to 400 | Release Control |
| Adhesion Release Control (Strength) | 400 to 600 | Release Control |
| Wetting Dispersant | 300 to 400 | Dispersant Agent |
| Wetting Dispersant (Strength) | 400 to 600 | Dispersant Agent |
| Extended & Potentiator | 600 to 1200 | Potentiator |
CASE STUDY A
If you plan to use PINEYE™ Emulsion as a wetting dispersant in your citrus grove, where the water application rate is 400 litres per hectare (L/ha), you can calculate the required amount of emulsion as follows:
Using the reference value from Table 3 (350 ml), multiply it by the size of the sprinkler (170 L in this case) and divide by the water usage rate per hectare (400 L/ha):
350 (from Table 3) × 170 (sprinkler size, L) ÷ 400 (water usage rate, L/ha) = 148.75 ml
Thus, you would need approximately 148.75 ml of PINEYE™ Emulsion per hectare.
CASE STUDY B
If you wish to use the emulsion as a potentiator under the same hypothetical conditions, where the water application rate is 400 litres per hectare (L/ha), you can calculate the required amount as follows:
Using the reference value from Table 3 (600 ml), multiply it by the size of the sprinkler (170 L in this case) and divide by the water usage rate per hectare (400 L/ha):
600 (from Table 3) × 170 (sprinkler size, L) ÷ 400 (water usage rate, L/ha) = 255 ml
Thus, you would need approximately 255 ml of emulsion per hectare when used as a potentiator.
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